Towards Climate Smart Farming—A Reference Architecture for Integrated Farming Systems

Climate change is emerging as a major threat to farming, food security and the livelihoods of millions people across world. Agriculture strongly affected by climate due increasing temperatures, water shortage, heavy rainfall variations in frequency intensity excessive climatic events such floods droughts. Farmers need adapt developing advanced sophisticated farming systems instead simply at lower occupying more land. Integrated agricultural constitute promising solution, they can reliance on external inputs, enhance nutrient cycling increase natural resource use efficiency. In this context, concept Climate-Smart (CSA) emerged solution secure resources for growing world population under conditions. This work proposes CSA architecture fostering supporting integrated systems, Mixed Farming Systems (MFS), facilitating design, deployment management crop–livestock-=forestry combinations towards sustainable, efficient resilient systems. Propelled cutting-edge technology solutions data collection processing, along with fully autonomous monitoring e.g., smart sensors unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), proposed called MiFarm-CSA, aims foster core interactions among animals, forests crops, while mitigating high complexity these interactions, through novel conceptual framework.